Training literature

Challenges and advice for MD/PhD applicants who are underrepresented in medicine.

Bannerman, C., Guzman, N., Kumar, R., Nnebe, C., Setayesh, J., Venapally, A., & Sussman, J. H. (2020). Molecular Biology of the Cell, 31(24), 2640–2643. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e20-07-0444

*Ng, E. et al. The Integration of Clinical and Research Training: How and Why MD–PhD Programs Work. Academic Medicine 94, 664–670 (2019). https://doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002467

Saving the Endangered Physician-Scientist — A Plan for Accelerating Medical Breakthroughs.

Jain, M. K., Cheung, V. G., Utz, P. J., Kobilka, B. K., Yamada, T., & Lefkowitz, R. (2019). New England Journal of Medicine, 381(5), 399–402. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1904482

Critical Gaps in Understanding the Clinician–Scientist Workforce.

Weggemans, M. M., Friesen, F., Kluijtmans, M., Prakken, B., ten Cate, O., Woods, N. N., & Rosenblum, N. D. (2019). Academic Medicine, 94(10), 1448–1454. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000002802

Editorial: The vulnerable physician-scientist.

Mirmira, R. G. (2014). Molecular Endocrinology, 28(5), 603–606. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2014-1085

Preparing MD-PhD students for clinical rotations: navigating the interface Between PhD and MD training.

Goldberg, C., & Insel, P. A. (2013). Academic Medicine, 88(6), 745–747. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0b013e31828ffeeb

The vanishing physician-scientist?

Schafer, A. I. (2010). Translational Research, 155(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2009.09.006

The need to restructure MD-PhD training.

Whitcomb, M. E. (2007). Academic Medicine, 82(7), 623–624. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0b013e318065b4ba

The clinical investigator: bewitched, bothered, and bewildered–but still beloved.

Goldstein, J. L., & Brown, M. S. (1997). Journal of Clinical Investigation, 99(12), 2803–2812. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci119470

The clinical investigator as an endangered species.

Wyngaarden, J. B. (1979). New England Journal of Medicine, 301(23), 1254–1259. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm197912063012303

Canadian Trainee and Program Data (collapsable/expandable list)

*International training considerations of Canadian clinician-scientist trainees – a national survey.

Pietrobon, A., Cook, E. K., Yin, C., Chan, D. C. H., & Marvasti, T. B. (2020). Clinical and Investigative Medicine, 43(4), E2-7. https://doi.org/10.25011/cim.v43i4.35003

*Piloting a long distance clinician scientist trainee mentorship match in Canada.

Mirali, S., Fan, K., Cook, E. K., & Marvasti, T. B. (2020). Clinical and Investigative Medicine, 43(1), E5–E8. https://doi.org/10.25011/cim.v43i1.33649

*Performance report for a 10-year-old MD/PhD program: a survey of trainees at the University of Ottawa.

Pietrobon, A., Chehadé, L., Beaudry-Richard, A., Keller, B. A., & Schlossmacher, M. G. (2020). Clinical and Investigative Medicine, 43(2), E1-13. https://doi.org/10.25011/cim.v43i2.33955

Skinnider, M. A., Twa, D. D. W., Squair, J. W., Rosenblum, N. D. & Lukac, C. D. Predictors of sustained research involvement among MD/PhD programme graduates. Medical Education 52, 536–545 (2018).

The rising challenge of training physician–scientists: recommendations from a Canadian national consensus conference.

Strong, M. J., Busing, N., Goosney, D. L., Harris, K. A., Horsley, T., Kuzyk, A., Lingard, L., Norman, W. V., Rosenblum, N. D., Saryeddine, T., & Wang, X. (2018). Academic Medicine, 93(2), 172–178. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000001857

Twa, D.D.W., Skinnider, M.A., Squair, J.W., Lukac, C.D. Cross-sectional-derived determinants of satisfaction with physician-scientist training among Canadian MD/PhD graduates. PLoS ONE, 12, e0185218 (2017).

* Training the next generation of Canadian clinician-scientists: charting a path to success.

Yin, C., Steadman, P. E., Apramian, T., Zhou, T. E., Ishaque, A., Wang, X., Kuzyk, A., & Warsi, N. (2017). Clinical & Investigative Medicine, 40(2), 95. https://doi.org/10.25011/cim.v40i2.28200

Characteristics and outcomes of Canadian MD/PhD program graduates: a cross-sectional survey.

Skinnider, M. A., Squair, J. W., Twa, D. D. W., Ji, J. X., Kuzyk, A., Wang, X., Steadman, P. E., Zaslavsky, K., Dey, A. K., Eisenberg, M. J., Gagné, È.-R., HayGlass, K. T., Lewis, J. F., Margetts, P. J., Underhill, D. A., Rosenblum, N. D., & Raymond, L. A. (2017). CMAJ Open, 5(2), E308–E314. https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20160152

Career and research outcomes of the physician-scientist training program at the University of Calgary: a retrospective cohort study.

Bau, J. T., Frolkis, A. D., Nathoo, N., Yipp, B. G., Hollenberg, M. D., & Beck, P. L. (2017). CMAJ Open, 5(2), E395–E401. https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20160103

‌Canadian M.D.-Ph.D. programs produce impactful physician-scientists: the McGill experience.

Zhou, T. E., Savage, P. A., & Eisenberg, M. J. (2016). Journal of Biomedical Education, 2016, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3836467

Clinician scientists in Canada: supporting innovations in patient care through research.

Lockyer, J.M., Brzezina, S., Thake, J., et al. (2016). Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Link

* MD/PhD training in Canada: results from a national trainee and program director review.

Jones, A. A., Ng, E., Deguise, M.-O., Mak, L., Ouyang, B., Sivapragasam, M., MacNairn, I. A. S., Nath, S., Benesch, M. G. K., Forrest, L., & Wang, X. (2016). Clinical & Investigative Medicine, 39(4), 132. https://doi.org/10.25011/cim.v39i4.27092

Lost: Young Canadian physician-scientists need a map.

Lewinson, R. T., Keough, M. B., Beck, P. L., Hollenberg, M. D., & Yipp, B. G. (2016). Science Translational Medicine, 8(329), 329fs6–329fs6. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aad4355

CIHR cutting MD/PhD training program.

Webster, P. C. (2015). Canadian Medical Association Journal, 187(12), E381–E382. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-5124

The Canadian MD/PhD training program needs reinstated support.

Lewinson, R. T., Beers, C. A., Capozzi, L. C., Iablokov, V., Keough, M. B., & Peplowski, M. A. (2015). Nature Medicine, 21(10), 1111–1111. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1015-1111

The Canadian clinician-scientist training program must be reinstated.

Twa, D. D. W., Squair, J. W., Skinnider, M. A., & Ji, J. X. (2015). Journal of Clinical Investigation, 125(12), 4317–4319. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci85194

Challenges facing physician scientist trainees: a survey of trainees in Canada’s largest undergraduate and postgraduate programs in a single centre.

Ballios, B. G., & Rosenblum, N. D. (2014). Clinical & Investigative Medicine, 37(5), 268. https://doi.org/10.25011/cim.v37i5.22008

* It begins with the right supervisor: Importance of mentorship and clinician-investigator trainee satisfaction levels in Canada.

Yoon, J.-Y., Appleton, T., Cecchini, M. J., Correa, R. J., Ram, V. D., Wang, X., Ng, E., Speechley, M., & Wilcox, J. T. (2013). Clinical & Investigative Medicine, 36(6), 269. https://doi.org/10.25011/cim.v36i6.20623

Canadian Clinician Investigator Training in the 21st Century.

Appleton, C. T., Belrose, J., Ward, M. R., & Young, F. B. (2013). Clinical & Investigative Medicine, 36(4), 163. https://doi.org/10.25011/cim.v36i4.19950

Clinician-Scientists in Canada: barriers to career entry and progress.

Lander, B., Hanley, G. E., & Atkinson-Grosjean, J. (2010). PLoS ONE, 5(10), e13168. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013168

U.S. Trainee and Program Data (collapsable/expandable list)

Breaking tradition to bridge bench and bedside: accelerating the MD-PhD-Residency pathway.

Modrek, A. S., Tanese, N., Placantonakis, D. G., Sulman, E. P., Rivera, R., Du, K. L., Gerber, N. K., David, G., Chesler, M., Philips, M. R., & Cangiarella, J. (2021). Academic Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000003920

MD-PhD program graduates’ engagement in research.

Andriole, D. A., Grbic, D., Yellin, J., & McKinney, R. (2020). Academic Medicine, Publish Ahead of Print. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000003516

A nationwide assessment of perceptions of research-intense academic careers among predoctoral MD and MD-PhD trainees.

Kwan, J. M., Toubat, O., Harrison, A. M., Riddle, M., Wu, B., Kim, H., Basta, D. W., Adami, A. J., & Daye, D. (2020). Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 4(4), 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2020.18

A comparison of match outcomes between traditional medical degree and dual-degree applicants.

Christensen, B. R., Becnel, C. M., Chan, L. P., Minetos, P. D., Clarke, J. F., & Kahn, M. J. (2020). PLOS ONE, 15(12), e0244147. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244147

‌The national MD-PhD program outcomes study: relationships between medical specialty, training duration, research effort, and career paths.

Brass, L. F., & Akabas, M. H. (2019). JCI Insight, 4(19). https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.133009

National MD-PhD program outcomes study.

American Association of Medical Colleges (2018). AAMC. Link

History and outcomes of 50 years of physician–scientist training in medical scientist training programs.

Harding, C. V., Akabas, M. H., & Andersen, O. S. (2017). Academic Medicine, 92(10), 1390–1398. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000001779

The first nationwide survey of MD-PhDs in the social sciences and humanities: training patterns and career choices.

Holmes, S. M., Karlin, J., Stonington, S. D., & Gottheil, D. L. (2017). BMC Medical Education, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-017-0896-1

Predictors of full-time faculty appointment among MD–PhD program graduates: a national cohort study.

Andriole, D. A., & Jeffe, D. B. (2016). Medical Education Online, 21(1), 30941. https://doi.org/10.3402/meo.v21.30941

Educational Outcomes for Students Enrolled in MD–PhD Programs at Medical School Matriculation, 1995–2000.

Jeffe, D. B., Andriole, D. A., Wathington, H. D., & Tai, R. H. (2014). Academic Medicine, 89(1), 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000000071

A national cohort study of MD-PhD graduates of medical schools with and without funding from the National Institute Of General Medical Sciencesʼ Medical Scientist Training Program.

Jeffe, D. B., & Andriole, D. A. (2011). Academic Medicine, 86(8), 953–961. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0b013e31822225c5

Are MD–PhD programs meeting their goals? An analysis of career choices made by graduates of 24 MD-PhD programs.

Brass, L. F., Akabas, M. H., Burnley, L. D., Engman, D. M., Wiley, C. A., & Andersen, O. S. (2010). Academic Medicine, 1. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0b013e3181d3ca17

Characteristics and career intentions of the emerging MD/PhD workforce.

Andriole, D. A. (2008). JAMA, 300(10), 1165. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.10.1165